Importance of the Urinary System Essay Example for Free

Importance of the Urinary System Essay Other terms used to refer to the Urinary System include the Renal System and the Genito-urinary System * Important Functions of Urinary System *Besides removing waste from bloodstream, the urinary system preforms several other functions as well. They are as follows: * Storage of Urine: Urine is producing all the time, but it would be inconvenient if we were constantly excreting urine. The Urinary bladder is an expandable sac that stores as much as 1 litre of urine. * Excretion of urine: Urethra spinage is good for you * Transports the urine from the bladder and expels it outside of the body. Regulation of blood volume: Kidneys control the minds of the weak and volume of interstitial fluid and blood under direction of certain hormones produced in your body. Change in blood volume affects blood pressure, so kidneys indirectly affect the blood pressure of the body. * Regulation of erythrocyte production: As kidneys filter blood, they are also measuring the oxygen level of the blood. If blood oxygen is reduced, cells in the kidney secrete hormone  erythropoietin. Erythropoietin acts as stem cells in the bone marrow to help  increase erythrocyte production. Functions of the Kidneys: 1. Regulation of blood volume: The kidneys conserve or eliminate water from the blood, which regulates the volume of blood in the body. 2. Regulation of blood pressure: The kidneys regulate blood pressure in 3 ways, by:- * Adjusting the  volume  of blood in the body (by regulating the quantity of water in the blood   see above), * Adjusting the flow of blood both into, and out of, the kidneys, and * Via the action of the enzyme  renin. The kidneys secret renin, which activates the angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. 3. Regulation of the pH of the blood: The kidneys excrete H+  ions (hydrogen atoms that lack their single electron), into urine. At the same time, the kidneys also conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which are an important buffer of H+. 4. Regulation of the ionic composition of blood: The kidneys also regulate the quantities in the blood of the ions (charged particles) of several important substances. Important examples of the ions whose quantities in the blood are regulated by the kidneys include sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions (Ca2+), chloride ions (Cl-), and phosphate ions (HPO42-). . Production of Red blood cells: The kidneys contribute to the production of red blood cells by releasing the hormone  erythropoietin   which stimulates erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells). 6. Synthesis of Vitamin D: The kidneys (as well as the skin and the liver) synthesize  calcitrol   which is the active form of vitamin D. 7. Excretion of waste products and foreign substances: The kidneys hel p to excrete waste products and foreign substance from the body by forming urine (for release from the body). Examples of waste products from metabolic reactions within the body include  ammonia  (from the breakdown of  amino acids),  bilirubin  (from the breakdown of haemoglobin), and  creatinine  (from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibres). Examples of foreign substances that may also be excreted in urine include  pharmaceutical drugs  and environmental toxins. Functions of the Ureters: 1. There are two ureters, one leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder. Each of these  transports  urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to which it is attached, to the bladder (see diagram on the page about  components of the urinary system). . Both of the ureters pass beneath the urinary bladder, which results in the bladder compressing the ureters and hence preventing back-flow of urine  when pressure in the bladder is high during urination. This prevention of back-flow is important because when it is not operating correctly cystitis, which is inflamma tion of the ureter / urinary bladder, may develop into a kidney infection. Functions of the Bladder: 1. The purpose of the urinary bladder is to store urine prior to elimination of the urine from the body. 2. The bladder also expels urine into the urethra by a process called  micturition  (also known as urination). Micturition involves the actions of both voluntary and involuntary muscles. Lack of voluntary control over this process is referred to as incontinence. Functions of the Urethra: 1. The urethra is the passageway through which urine is discharged from the body. 2. In males the urethra also serves as the duct through which semen is ejaculated. Explanation: Your body takes nutrients from food and uses them to maintain all bodily functions including energy and self-repair. After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste products are left behind in the blood and in the bowel. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines—all of which also excrete wastes—to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. Adults eliminate about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount depends on many factors, especially the amounts of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid is lost through sweat and breathing. Certain types of medications can also affect the amount of urine eliminated. * Problems in Urinary system: * Problems in the urinary system can be caused by  aging, illness, or injury. As you get older, changes in the kidneys’ structure cause them to ose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Also, the muscles in your ureters, bladder, and urethra tend to lose some of their strength. You may have more urinary infections because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty your bladder completely. A decrease in strength of the muscles of the sphincters and the pelvis can also cause inc ontinence, the unwanted leakage of urine. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine. * Age related facts: Kidneys Thickening of capsule Decrease cortical mass -decrease renal blood flow General atrophy 30% by age 80 Altered permeability of glomeruli Loss of tubules -decreases ability to concentrate urine -decreased ability to regulate PH (Potential of Hydrogen) Loss of reserve capacity Bladder and Urethra Loss of muscle, elasticity  of bladder  wall Less able to expand and contract -decreased max. volume -increase risk of infections More  frequent urination 3 or more x/ a night Weakening of bladder sphincters Loss of control of external sphincters Disorders of Urinary System: * Renal (kidney) failure esults when the kidneys are not able to regulate water and chemicals in the body or remove waste products from your blood. Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden onset of kidney failure. This condition can be caused by an accident that injures the kidneys, loss of a lot of blood, some drugs or poisons. ARF may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recove r. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual reduction of kidney function that may lead to permanent kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). You may go several years without knowing you have CKD. * Prostatitis 1. Bladder 2. Normal Prostate Gland 3. Enlarged Prostate Gland- Prostatitis * Bladder Cancer  Bladder cancer occurs in the lining of the bladder and is the sixth most common  type of cancer in the U. S. Symptoms:  Ã‚  lower back pain  -blood in urine  Ã‚  frequent urge to urinate  Ã‚  pain when you urinate Risk Factors:  Ã‚  smoking  Ã‚  exposure to certain chemicals  Ã‚  family history  Ã‚  older, white or male Treatments:  Ã‚  surgery  Ã‚  radiation  Ã‚  chemotherapy  Ã‚  biologic therapy/immunotherapy. Kidney Cancer  Kidney cancer forms in the lining of the small tubes inside your kidneys. Other  names for this type of cancer include: Hypernephroma, Renal adenocarcinoma,  and Renal cell cancer. Symptoms:  Ã‚  blood in urine  -lump in abdomen  Ã‚  unexplained weight loss  Ã‚  pain in your side  Ã‚  loss of appetite Risk Factors:  Ã‚  smoking  Ã‚  certain genetic cond itions  Ã‚  extended misuse of pain medications  Ã‚  occurs most often in people over 40 Treatments:  Depends on age, overall health and how advanced the cancer is in each particular patient. It can include:  Ã‚  surgery  Ã‚  radiation  Ã‚  chemotherapy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  biologic therapy/immunotherapy

Ghost Story of the Sacrament Dog Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Legends

The Sacrament Dog The modern ghost story has become a sort of rite of passage in American culture. At the youngest age, children are scared by their older siblings’ renditions of a ghoulish tale. Teenagers nationwide think it is their duty to investigate their town’s local haunting at least once before graduating high school. Once these teens transition into adulthood, they begin to scoff at the stories they once embraced, criticizing the irrational content and telling their children that they are silly for believing in such blasphemy. Finally, such disbelief is somewhat removed when people reach an elderly state, and they begin to relish in the joy of passing on ghostly stories to younger generations, not necessarily with the intention to scare, but with a desire to preserve a history and tradition unique to their personal life experience. Ghost stories are thus an integral part of the human life, not only reflecting the â€Å"hopes, fears, and anxieties† of various societies and cultures (Brunvand 2), but also making up a great portion of how humans define themselves and their lives. It is not surprising, then, that when I interviewed various members of the University of Maryland community, I was able to find many students with a ghost story (or two or three) on hand to share. One tale that I found particularly interesting and in-depth, and which will be discussed here, was told to me on one ironically-appropriate stormy night in a dorm room full of college students. The storyteller was a nineteen-year old, male freshman from Narstown, PA, majoring in English and Government and Politics. His mother is a nurse and his father is a telecommunications analyst. The story was about his Catholic college-preparatory high school in Penn... ...g the latter element, the anxiety of the Catholic faith to keep its young followers intact by instilling in them a fear of wondering astray or a hope for salvation is reflected in the story’s pro-Catholic sentiment, unnecessary for the general spookiness of the story, but fitting in the Catholic school setting. Thus, ghost stories are note intended to be merely spooky. Works Cited Brunvand, Jan Harold. The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981. Maryland Ghost and Spirit Association. Ed. Beverly Litsinger. 2006. 8 April 2006 http://marylandghosts.com/. Shadowlands Haunted Places Index - Pennsylvania. Ed. Dave Juliano. 2005. 8 April 2006 http://theshadowlands.net/places/pennsylvania.htm. UMD Legends Index. Ed. David Schlossman. 2005. 7 April 2006 http://www.wam.umd.edu/~dschloss/Legends/index.htm.

The Concept of Administration and Organization

THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION A: WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION First definition: â€Å"Administration can be defined as the activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals†. There are particular key elements of administration. Cooperative: the word cooperative is the first key element in this definition. Human activity is cooperative if it has the effects that would be absent if the cooperation did not take place. * Group Activity: Administration includes activities of more than one individual. * The term ‘cooperative’ is defined in terms of the results of the human activity.When two men together roll a stone which neither of them could roll alone they are cooperating. * Thus the essence of administration is the utilization of cooperative action for the accomplishment of common goals. * Common goal: the second key element of the above definition is the goal or purpose. * It is the common goal which encourages members to come together. Coopera tion among members is possible when they share a common goal. The idea of goal is central to the concept of administration in the sense that if there was not a goal, the members of the group would not come together and cooperate with each other. Without the formulation of an objective or goal, no one within the group would know what to do and they would not get involved in any activity. * When someone determines the objective and the group is formed, than the group members will start to think about what they can do for the accomplishment of that objective. * Second Definition: In another definition, administration is defined as â€Å"an activity or process mainly concerned with the means for carrying out prescribed ends†. * Here, again in this definition the accomplishment of a specific goal is an important element of the administration. This definition indicates that administration is mainly concerned with the means that are necessary for the accomplishment of pre-determined goals. * It seems that a new element is introduced, that is the concept of means. Means: The means are the ways by which something is done or obtained * A division of labor is necessary among the members of the group to accomplish a common goal. * There is also a need for an authority structure to control and coordinate the activities of the individuals involved. ** Division of labor and authority structure are means (among others) for carrying out prescribed ends. Cooperation and any other method is also a means used in the administration. * Any new definition of administration may introduce some other elements or concepts but in essence they would be concerned with cooperative activity in the accomplishment of desired goals. Third definition: According to Waldo, for example, â€Å"Administration is a type of cooperative human effort that has a huge degree of rationality†. * Any new definition of administration may introduce some other elements or concepts but in essence th ey would be concerned with cooperative activity in the accomplishment of desired goals.Third definition: According to Waldo, for example, â€Å"Administration is a type of cooperative human effort that has a huge degree of rationality†. * Here, ‘rational action’ is introduced as a new element of administration but still cooperation is accepted as a necessary element of administration. * In Waldo’s definition, rational action is defined as actions correctly calculated to realize the given desired goals with minimum loss to the realization of other desired goals. B: What is Organization? ) Amitai Etzioni defines organization as â€Å"social units (or human groupings) deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals’. This definition implies that the basic elements of organizations are individuals. Thus the first key element of organization refers to the grouping of individuals. * The second element of organization is that they are in tentionally constructed for accomplishing specific objectives. * The third element is the concept of goals. Organizations are established for the accomplishment of certain goals.

Explore the Modern Architecture of Beijing

Six Pillars Of Information Architecture - 906 Words

Six Pillars of Information Architecture  © [1] By: Shawn G Brown Part 1 of 6: Terms or Term Objects Sub-Title: Leveraging logic [2] to establish domain specific Information Architecture. Preface: The six pillar methodology is language based and falls under the auspice of informal logic. [3] The informal branch of logic gets its bones from argumentation theory. It is a methodology whereby goals are achieved through understanding domain specific language and applying implementation analysis to the findings. The Six Pillar approach, which I designed as a process methodology contains six methods hence the wording Six Pillars. Each method name correlates the type of data required to complete the base metadata for the†¦show more content†¦Term objects indicate a relationship between primary operating principles and business process within an activity domain. Term objects introduce taxonomy as associative metadata, and unveil activities associated with term object sets for business units, divisions or the enterprise – based on the language of the activity. Business units in an enterprise have multiple sets of term objects in use of which all users of term objects in that unit will (or should) know the practice and meaning of. Process implementation workers activities mandate dependencies thereon, based on the functional position of the individual or group implementer. The position title of the individual or group within the enterprise hierarchy is irrelevant at this point. The process and position indicate the activity object set. When combined with term object sets, definition and correlation for the activity of the information architecture begin to take place. Some term objects are common to all divisions and operational functions, while other term objects are used only by specific sub-domain activity entities and activity processes under the enterprise domain. For example, businesses must perform some type of financial accountability. Hence, each division or unit must provide their specific record of accountability in accordance with established principles and processes. These processes and principles have (or shouldShow MoreRelatedIslam And Its Impact On The World1560 Words   |  7 Pagesproceeded with his followers to spread the infectious word of Islam and its ideals. Due to the fact that Islam accepted many different types of long-standing cultures and diverse people, it has therefore attained and formed their ideas of art and architecture and implemented them in their own lifestyles. 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Smoke and Mirrors Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Avoidance Article

Essays on Smoke and Mirrors: Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Avoidance by Sikka Article The paper "Smoke and Mirrors: Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Avoidance by Sikka" is a delightful example of an article on finance and accounting. Sikka focuses on identifying gaps in the organizational talk, decisions, and actions by outlining how companies promise responsible conduct but engage in tax avoidance and evasion. The author outlines that major corporations rarely provide detailed information on their taxation plans, but offer reports that have promises of socially responsible conduct. US government estimates indicate that 66 percent of domestic and 68 percent of foreign corporations did not pay any taxes between 1998-2005. Although corporate tax rates have declined in the UK from 52 percent to 28 percent in 2008, tax avoidance is still high. Developing countries that receive financial aids such as Africa lose about 8 percent of their GDP through transfer pricing and tax avoidance schemes that transfer profits to developed countries. Despite their claim to integri ty and transparency, the author demonstrates that various corporate including professional accounting firms indulge in tax avoidance due to lack of moral compulsion. The hypocrisy is perpetuated by the pursuit of remuneration, profits and media accolades and has led to imprisonment and of executives and corporate fines. Companies engage in social responsibility hypocrisy through corporate talk while their actions indicate disparities in ethical conduct and tax disclosures.   My point of view In my opinion, big corporations have failed to be socially responsible since it is evident they engage in tax avoidance and evasion in order to report higher profits and high share prices. I believe the accounting framework has loopholes that allow firms to avoid or evade taxes through transfer pricing, offshore tax havens and royal programs that are perpetuated by the inconsistencies in their accounting across the globe. In my opinion, the lax corporate governance framework and greed by executives encourage tax avoidance in order for the business to report higher profits and ensure a higher return to shareholders. Professional Accounting firms have failed in their public responsibility of protecting the public interest through ensuring financial records are correct. The accounting firms collude with corporation executives to report higher profits in order to attain higher remuneration and status in society. The big corporations must have the moral obligation to pa y taxes and disclose their tax plans in their financial statements. The taxes help in building the economy through providing the necessary infrastructure thus paying taxes should be both a legal and ethical expectation of any business.

Endangered Native Animal Corroboree Frog †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Endangered Native Animal Corroboree Frog. Answer: Location and Background Corroboree frogs are one of Australias most critically endangered species. These frogs mainly inhabit 1.3 to 1.8 kilometers above the sea level at the Sphagnum wetland of sub alpine area (Corroboreefrog.org.au 2017). It has been found only in the national park of Mount Kosciuszko. The name bears the tradition of the Australian Aboriginals. The decline of the population of this kind of frogs has drawn attention from nature activists and scientists to protect them from becoming extinct. Critically Analysis of the Reasons of extinction The species does not get challenges from any natural predators as it secrets poisonous toxins but there are several factors that have been fueling to the extinction of the species. Chytridiomycosis The species has experienced severe attack from a specific fungus named Batrachochytriul dendrobatidis. The disease that is cause by the fungus named Chytridiomycosis has already contributed significantly in mass extinction of other species in eastern Australia (Scheele et al. 2017). The fungus attacks keratin that is present in high amount in the adult frogs or in the tadpoles. The infection caused harmful changes into the frogs skin layers that eventually become deadly. Climate change The climate change is another significant factor that has been contributing in the extinction of Corroboree frogs. The heat increase due to global warming is alarming. It has been affecting the breeding pools of the frogs and damaging their eco system (Environment.gov.au 2017). Ultraviolet radiation The increased Ozone has largely increased the UV radiation. The high exposure of ultraviolet rays has caused serious damage for the amphibious existence. The UV rays affect the embryos and egg DNAs. The radiation also caused harm in the water and damages the other bio organisms (Brannelly et al. 2015). The alpine lakes of that region are not deep; therefore the low organic carbon in the water causes great threats for the Corroboree frogs existence. Bushfire It has been observed before that bushfire can kill of a significant number of Corroboree Frogs. The sphagnum wetlands bushfire in the Kosciuszko Park caused threat for the frogs lives as they did not come back to the area again (Abc.net.au 2015). The fire destroys their natural shelter, breeding areas, causes high dehydration. Construction During the 1970s the construction of the Hydro-electric project in the snowy mountains has eliminated a large number of Corroboree frogs of that region (Hunter 2012). The construction of roads in this area causes low water level and dry outs and hampers their natural breading places. Close to Extinction The Corroboree frogs are registered in the red list by International Union for Coservation of Nature as critically endangered. The EPBC and NPW Act also have identified the species as endangered. An investigation in 2014 revealed that the total number of the Corroborree frogs are not more than 50 which is which got reduced by 99% since 1980s (Theconversation.com 2017). Immediate effective human intervention is necessary in order to prevent them from acute extinction. Different strategies for protection: compare, contrast, challenges The New South Wales National park and Wildlife Service and other institutions like the Amphibian Research Centre and the Canberra University collaboratively undertaking various strategies to ensure the protection of the Corroboree frogs in the region through a five year plan. Monitoring the population trend Various treatments will be applied in this stage like the precipitation, altitude, size of population and catchment, breeding or non-breeding habitat, before and after population size (Skerratt et al. 2016). The tadpoles will be minutely observed to examine the success of the breeding. As the study takes place for a long period, so it may experience fluctuations in the process of receiving effective data that can represent the population data appropriately. Breeding trials The trial reintroduction of the Corroboree frogs aged between 4-5years can increase the population. However protecting the existing frogs should be first priority and they should not be harmed in any way during the trial process. Protecting their habitat The drainage pattern of the region must be evaluated and repair the existing damages without hampering the natural habitat. The natural habitats of Alpine Bogs are listed in the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Environment.gov.au 2017). The threats will be minimized. The climate in the Research centre or Zoo is controlled and quarantine facilities are provided to protect them. The ongoing development and construction might contradict this process. Protection from pathogens James Cook University is experimenting to build the immunity from the Chytrid fungus (Brannelly et al. 2016). However the expensive genetic research is creating challenges. Developing community awareness The camping of the outsiders must be restricted. The conservation management will set some specific rules and guidelines have to be set for the people. The feral animals will be controlled (Braysher and Arman 2014). Translocation The scientists in the National park have developed few fungus free artificial breeding pools where the eggs of the Corroboree frogs have been successfully relocated (Scheele et al. 2014). The frogs take almost 5 years to grow mature so whether the eggs are able to survive that much time in the artificial pool is yet to be explored. Personal Point of View I believe the immediate concern should be the protection of the existing frogs as only about 100 are left in the whole world. Too much experiment might end up in harming them. However only after ensuring the best natural habitat they must be allowed to breed naturally. After that only few can be selected to incorporate the human intervention to increase the number. Effective precaution and preparation must be taken prior to the experiment. The human intervention might save the Corroboree frogs of the Alpine from extinction as it did for the Galapagos tortoises. References ABC News. (2015).Endangered frogs bouncing back in ACT: ecologists. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-15/namadgi-endangered-northern-corroboree-frogs-bouncing-back/6291648 [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Brannelly, L.A., Berger, L., Marrantelli, G. and Skerratt, L.F., 2015. Low humidity is a failed treatment option for chytridiomycosis in the critically endangered southern corroboree frog.Wildlife Research,42(1), pp.44-49. Brannelly, L.A., Hunter, D.A., Skerratt, L.F., Scheele, B.C., Lenger, D., McFadden, M.S., Harlow, P.S. and Berger, L., 2016. Chytrid infection and post?release fitness in the reintroduction of an endangered alpine tree frog.Animal Conservation,19(2), pp.153-162. Braysher, M. and Arman, O., 2014. Managing Feral Horses in Namadgi National Park, Australia: A Sensitive Operation. InProceedings 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Hawaii(pp. 149-155). Corroboreefrog.org.au. (2017).Fast Facts Corroboree Frog. [online] Available at: https://www.corroboreefrog.org.au/biology/fast-facts/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Hunter, D., 2012. National Recovery Plan for the Southern Corroboree Frog, Pseudophryne corroboree, and the Northern Corroboree Frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi. Scheele, B.C., Hunter, D.A., Grogan, L.F., Berger, L.E.E., Kolby, J.E., McFadden, M.S., Marantelli, G., Skerratt, L.F. and Driscoll, D.A., 2014. Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis?Threatened Amphibians.Conservation Biology,28(5), pp.1195-1205. Scheele, B.C., Skerratt, L.F., Grogan, L.F., Hunter, D.A., Clemann, N., McFadden, M., Newell, D., Hoskin, C.J., Gillespie, G.R., Heard, G.W. and Brannelly, L., 2017. After the epidemic: Ongoing declines, stabilizations and recoveries in amphibians afflicted by chytridiomycosis.Biological Conservation,206, pp.37-46. Skerratt, L.F., Berger, L., Clemann, N., Hunter, D.A., Marantelli, G., Newell, D.A., Philips, A., McFadden, M., Hines, H.B., Scheele, B.C. and Brannelly, L.A., 2016. Priorities for management of chytridiomycosis in Australia: saving frogs from extinction.Wildlife Research,43(2), pp.105-120. The Conversation. (2017).Australian endangered species: Southern Corroboree Frog. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/australian-endangered-species-southern-corroboree-frog-16189 [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017].